Forced Symmetry Breaking from SO(3) to SO(2) for Rotating Waves on the Sphere

In this article, we consider a small SO(2)-equivariant perturbation of a reaction-diffusion system on the sphere, which is equivariant with respect to the group SO(3) of all rigid rotations. We consider a normally hyperbolic SO(3)-group orbit of a rotating wave on the sphere that persists to a normally hyperbolic SO(2)-invariant manifold M(ε). We investigate the effects of this forced symmetry breaking by studying the perturbed dynamics induced on M(ε) by the above reaction-diffusion system. We prove that depending on the frequency vectors of the rotating waves that form the relative equilibrium SO(3)u0, these rotating waves will give SO(2)orbits of rotating waves or SO(2)-orbits of modulated rotating waves (if some transversality conditions hold). The orbital stability of these solutions is established as well.